{"id":70847,"date":"2018-04-25T06:49:38","date_gmt":"2018-04-25T05:49:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/caracteristicas-formales-y-transparencia-de-los-simbolos-pictograficos-de-arasaac"},"modified":"2023-02-09T11:19:15","modified_gmt":"2023-02-09T10:19:15","slug":"characteristics-formal-and-transparency-of-the-symbols-pictographs-of-arasaac","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/en\/characteristics-formal-and-transparency-of-the-symbols-pictographs-of-arasaac","title":{"rendered":"Formal characteristics and transparency of ARASAAC pictographic symbols"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id='av-layout-grid-1'  class='av-layout-grid-container av-10q6jvg-3528bfedec64baf9b561b5e2c85feb39 entry-content-wrapper main_color av-flex-cells  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first   container_wrap fullsize'  >\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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'   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/en\/scientific-research-carried-out-on-the-pictographic-symbols-of-arasaac\" class='avia_image' ><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-30087 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-30087 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/investigaciones_arasaac_blanco-180x180.png\" alt='' title='investigaciones_arasaac_blanco'  height=\"180\" width=\"180\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/investigaciones_arasaac_blanco-180x180.png 180w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/investigaciones_arasaac_blanco-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/investigaciones_arasaac_blanco-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/investigaciones_arasaac_blanco-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/investigaciones_arasaac_blanco-36x36.png 36w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/investigaciones_arasaac_blanco-705x705.png 705w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/investigaciones_arasaac_blanco-120x120.png 120w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/investigaciones_arasaac_blanco-450x450.png 450w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/investigaciones_arasaac_blanco.png 1030w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 180px) 100vw, 180px\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-wcfbpo-1bcaa7fd25385e4dfdb41e5859ca4dfc\">\n.flex_cell.av-wcfbpo-1bcaa7fd25385e4dfdb41e5859ca4dfc{\nvertical-align:top;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-wcfbpo-1bcaa7fd25385e4dfdb41e5859ca4dfc{\npadding:30px 30px 30px 30px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-wcfbpo-1bcaa7fd25385e4dfdb41e5859ca4dfc av-gridrow-cell av_one_half no_margin  avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_cell_one_fourth  el_before_av_cell_one_fourth ' ><div class='flex_cell_inner'>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-u9thwc-546c4869ba3c38f044ffe7b15736533a\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-u9thwc-546c4869ba3c38f044ffe7b15736533a{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-u9thwc-546c4869ba3c38f044ffe7b15736533a .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-u9thwc-546c4869ba3c38f044ffe7b15736533a .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:30px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-u9thwc-546c4869ba3c38f044ffe7b15736533a .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-u9thwc-546c4869ba3c38f044ffe7b15736533a av-special-heading-h2  avia-builder-el-4  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag'  itemprop=\"headline\"  >2015 &#8211; Study on the <span class='special_amp'>&#8220;<\/span>Formal characteristics and transparency of the pictographic symbols of ARASAAC<span class='special_amp'>&#8221;<\/span> <\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-sq1ly4-6b7a34ea7d9da70b28496d4b964b44da\">\n.flex_cell.av-sq1ly4-6b7a34ea7d9da70b28496d4b964b44da{\nvertical-align:top;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-sq1ly4-6b7a34ea7d9da70b28496d4b964b44da{\npadding:30px 30px 30px 30px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-sq1ly4-6b7a34ea7d9da70b28496d4b964b44da av-gridrow-cell av_one_fourth no_margin  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_cell_one_half  avia-builder-el-last ' ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-qz98ho-37a9db242cf2862e1c85e4e19543865c\">\n.avia-image-container.av-qz98ho-37a9db242cf2862e1c85e4e19543865c img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-qz98ho-37a9db242cf2862e1c85e4e19543865c .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-qz98ho-37a9db242cf2862e1c85e4e19543865c av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-6  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><a href=\"http:\/\/revistas.ucm.es\/index.php\/RLOG\/article\/view\/58620\" class='avia_image' target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-24691 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-24691 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/pdf_download.png\" alt='' title='pdf_download'  height=\"128\" width=\"128\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/pdf_download.png 128w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/pdf_download-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/pdf_download-36x36.png 36w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/pdf_download-120x120.png 120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 128px) 100vw, 128px\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-pjdiu4-236de51de553b9896e071d92039c3eba'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/revistas.ucm.es\/index.php\/RLOG\/article\/view\/58620\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>DESCARGAR ART\u00cdCULO<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><div id='after_grid_row_1'  class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-70847'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-onqjr0-74bc659f03d828058e1039e6658af81e'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3 style=\"text-align: right;\">Authors: Francisco Cabello Luque<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: right;\">Elisabetta Bertola L\u00f3pez<\/p>\n<p>Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: right;\"><\/h3>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='hr av-m1876k-9c7ec2402fa4f4b71063b7e1f2b88a8a hr-default  avia-builder-el-9  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_one_full '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div class='flex_column av-l97r64-65a63ac4caf946289c43c4a8003e4a16 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-10  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_layout_row  avia-builder-el-last  first flex_column_div '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-jrttcs-da30424ba4121544eac1d66772bca2ab\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-jrttcs-da30424ba4121544eac1d66772bca2ab .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:14px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jrttcs-da30424ba4121544eac1d66772bca2ab'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>Bibliographic information<\/h3>\n<p>Formal characteristics and transparency of ARASAAC pictographic symbols<\/p>\n<p>CABELLO, F., BERTOLA, E.. Formal characteristics and transparency of ARASAAC pictographic symbols. <strong>Journal of Speech Therapy Research,<\/strong>North America, 5, January. 2018.<\/p>\n<p>Available in: <a href=\"http:\/\/revistas.ucm.es\/index.php\/RLOG\/article\/view\/58620\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/revistas.ucm.es\/index.php\/RLOG\/article\/view\/58620<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-i1pnt8-1cd91a875f90447fc29af665da4bdf50\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-i1pnt8-1cd91a875f90447fc29af665da4bdf50 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:14px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-i1pnt8-1cd91a875f90447fc29af665da4bdf50'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<p>The iconicity and transparency of the ARASAAC pictographic symbols are examined, and compared with that of other sets of already established signs (SPC and Bliss). 34 university students participated, exposed to a task in which 114 symbols corresponding to four grammatical categories (nouns, verbs, adjectives and linguistic symbols) were presented and their relationship with meaning was valued using a 7-point scale. The results show that ARASAAC pictograms have an adequate degree of transparency and iconicity, even greater than that of SPC pictograms, although there are significant variations depending on the grammatical category.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-fst2f0-ff1ae37a79459df820447d9f1b6d2d09\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-fst2f0-ff1ae37a79459df820447d9f1b6d2d09 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:14px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-fst2f0-ff1ae37a79459df820447d9f1b6d2d09'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>Introduction<\/h3>\n<p>When examining the characteristics of a set of pictograms, various criteria have been proposed in the scientific literature such as realism, ambiguity or efficiency. But without a doubt, the most relevant is the so-called &#8220;iconicity&#8221;, which consists of the degree of relationship that an individual makes between a symbol and its referent. To fulfill their communicative function well, pictograms should have a high iconicity so that the non-vocal sign and the meaning maintain an obvious relationship.<\/p>\n<p>This work is the first to study the iconicity and transparency properties of ARASAAC symbols. It is a preliminary and exploratory work that, although it is part of the doctoral thesis &#8220;Empirical analysis of the formal characteristics of ARASAAC pictographic symbols&#8221;, was published independently.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ee7nfg-74015d17c0a9453dbb1d98f91113cf48\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ee7nfg-74015d17c0a9453dbb1d98f91113cf48 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:14px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ee7nfg-74015d17c0a9453dbb1d98f91113cf48'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>Participants and experimental task<\/h3>\n<p>This study involved 34 undergraduates, who completed an assignment based on the previous study by Bloomberg, Karland and Lloyd (1990). As stimuli, words corresponding to three sets of pictograms (ARASAAC, SPC and Bliss) and also to four grammatical categories (nouns, verbs, adjectives and linguistic elements) were selected. The pictograms were presented on the computer screen along with their meaning and a rating scale from 1 to 7.<\/p>\n<p>The task of the participants was always to click with the mouse of a computer on the pictogram that corresponded to the word that was displayed.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8073 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Caracteristicas_fomales_simbolos_ARASAAC_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"635\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Caracteristicas_fomales_simbolos_ARASAAC_1.png 1000w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Caracteristicas_fomales_simbolos_ARASAAC_1-300x191.png 300w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Caracteristicas_fomales_simbolos_ARASAAC_1-768x488.png 768w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Caracteristicas_fomales_simbolos_ARASAAC_1-705x448.png 705w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Caracteristicas_fomales_simbolos_ARASAAC_1-450x286.png 450w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Participants had to select the score on the scale that best reflected the relationship between symbol and meaning. A score of 1 meant that the pictogram and its meaning were not related at all, while conversely a score of 7 represented a close relationship between the two.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-cnhf4s-c6dab53b065e2a9db930748de4fb1c53\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-cnhf4s-c6dab53b065e2a9db930748de4fb1c53 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:14px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-cnhf4s-c6dab53b065e2a9db930748de4fb1c53'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>Results<\/h3>\n<p>The results are presented in a graph showing the mean of the iconicity ratings (from 1 to 7) for each of the three sets of pictograms and the four grammatical categories.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8074 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Caracteristicas_fomales_simbolos_ARASAAC_2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"701\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Caracteristicas_fomales_simbolos_ARASAAC_2.png 1000w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Caracteristicas_fomales_simbolos_ARASAAC_2-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Caracteristicas_fomales_simbolos_ARASAAC_2-768x538.png 768w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Caracteristicas_fomales_simbolos_ARASAAC_2-705x494.png 705w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Caracteristicas_fomales_simbolos_ARASAAC_2-450x315.png 450w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>ARASAAC symbols earned the highest iconicity ratings. Thus, they were significantly more transparent than those of SPC in the categories of nouns, verbs and adjectives, but not in that of linguistic symbols. Bliss symbols showed the worst transparency ratings in all categories.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-anegx8-bac8ea44f1471a02cf6001f859e8efff\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-anegx8-bac8ea44f1471a02cf6001f859e8efff .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:14px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-anegx8-bac8ea44f1471a02cf6001f859e8efff'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>Conclusions<\/h3>\n<p>Although it is an initial and practically pilot study, the first data are collected that indicated that the pictograms of ARASAAC have an adequate degree of iconicity, and that their meaning is even clearer than that of the SPC symbols, which in most classical studies had always appeared as the most transparent.<\/p>\n<p>However, the type of task based on the use of a Likert scale to assess the degree of transparency was quite complicated, especially thinking about applying it in children with developmental problems. Therefore, for future studies it was clear the need to use other procedures in which different similar symbols are chosen directly.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><div id='av-layout-grid-2'  class='av-layout-grid-container av-9oiwb0-c40554db8f74893faed53279db171ad1 entry-content-wrapper main_color av-flex-cells  avia-builder-el-17  el_after_av_one_full  avia-builder-el-last  grid-row-not-first  container_wrap fullsize'  >\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-7asows-2a8aa4a3a7df6c78eb2b243188c6541d\">\n.flex_cell.av-7asows-2a8aa4a3a7df6c78eb2b243188c6541d{\nvertical-align:top;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-7asows-2a8aa4a3a7df6c78eb2b243188c6541d{\npadding:30px 30px 30px 30px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-7asows-2a8aa4a3a7df6c78eb2b243188c6541d av-gridrow-cell av_one_third no_margin  avia-builder-el-18  el_before_av_cell_one_third  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