{"id":70908,"date":"2017-09-18T09:48:26","date_gmt":"2017-09-18T08:48:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/analisis-empirico-de-las-caracteristicas-formales-de-los-simbolos-pictograficos-de-arasaac"},"modified":"2023-02-09T11:19:16","modified_gmt":"2023-02-09T10:19:16","slug":"empirical-analysis-of-the-formal-characteristics-of-the-symbols-pictographic-of-arasaac","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/en\/empirical-analysis-of-the-formal-characteristics-of-the-symbols-pictographic-of-arasaac","title":{"rendered":"Empirical analysis of the formal characteristics of ARASAAC pictographic symbols"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id='av-layout-grid-1'  class='av-layout-grid-container av-zbrird-432d13aaa38ef44aecb0e69cd0565f4a entry-content-wrapper main_color av-flex-cells  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first   container_wrap fullsize'  >\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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'   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/en\/scientific-research-carried-out-on-the-pictographic-symbols-of-arasaac\" class='avia_image' ><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-30087 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-30087 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/investigaciones_arasaac_blanco-180x180.png\" alt='' title='investigaciones_arasaac_blanco'  height=\"180\" width=\"180\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/investigaciones_arasaac_blanco-180x180.png 180w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/investigaciones_arasaac_blanco-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/investigaciones_arasaac_blanco-300x300.png 300w, 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#wrap_all .flex_cell.av-ufgfe1-6ef7e2464f443c925746eed5ec25c14a{\npadding:30px 30px 30px 30px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-ufgfe1-6ef7e2464f443c925746eed5ec25c14a av-gridrow-cell av_one_half no_margin  avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_cell_one_fourth  el_before_av_cell_one_fourth ' ><div class='flex_cell_inner'>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-shypnt-2ef1e8b0cb0b1af16e46bed2eb59de9f\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-shypnt-2ef1e8b0cb0b1af16e46bed2eb59de9f{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-shypnt-2ef1e8b0cb0b1af16e46bed2eb59de9f .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-shypnt-2ef1e8b0cb0b1af16e46bed2eb59de9f .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:30px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-shypnt-2ef1e8b0cb0b1af16e46bed2eb59de9f .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-shypnt-2ef1e8b0cb0b1af16e46bed2eb59de9f av-special-heading-h2  avia-builder-el-4  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag'  itemprop=\"headline\"  ><span class='special_amp'>&#8220;<\/span>Empirical analysis of the formal characteristics of the pictographic symbols of ARASAAC<span class='special_amp'>&#8221;<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-qpde8p-07167db1e7978d4227545c0245c049de\">\n.flex_cell.av-qpde8p-07167db1e7978d4227545c0245c049de{\nvertical-align:top;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-qpde8p-07167db1e7978d4227545c0245c049de{\npadding:30px 30px 30px 30px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-qpde8p-07167db1e7978d4227545c0245c049de av-gridrow-cell av_one_fourth no_margin  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_cell_one_half  avia-builder-el-last ' ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2kow21-8e34cf61c2d2b92776bc49f571222f3b\">\n.avia-image-container.av-2kow21-8e34cf61c2d2b92776bc49f571222f3b img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-2kow21-8e34cf61c2d2b92776bc49f571222f3b .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-2kow21-8e34cf61c2d2b92776bc49f571222f3b av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-6  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><a href=\"http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10803\/454891\" class=\"avia_image\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-24691 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-24691 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/pdf_download.png\" alt='' title='pdf_download'  height=\"128\" width=\"128\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/pdf_download.png 128w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/pdf_download-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/pdf_download-36x36.png 36w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/pdf_download-120x120.png 120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 128px) 100vw, 128px\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-o3ez9l-2ddc48e2d753594b44c13586831c6c57'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10803\/454891\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>ACCESS THE THESIS<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div id='after_grid_row_1'  class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-70908'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'><section  class='av_textblock_section av-2a78dl-4b75409b44187cefd04bea52329de921'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3 style=\"text-align: right;\">Author of the thesis: Elisabetta Bertola L\u00f3pez<br \/>\nDirector: Francisco Cabello Luque<br \/>\nFaculty of Psychology, University of Murcia<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p>\n<div class='flex_column av-7gh3d-60db650e7c69edca4f7041a943bfffd5 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-9  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_one_full  first flex_column_div column-top-margin'     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1xi9rd-25b752ea976745430002ea36d1c0c2dd\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-1xi9rd-25b752ea976745430002ea36d1c0c2dd .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:14px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-1xi9rd-25b752ea976745430002ea36d1c0c2dd'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><em>From <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arasaac.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>ARASAAC<\/strong><\/a> we want to show our <strong>gratitude<\/strong> to <strong>Elisabetta Bertola,<\/strong> <strong>Francisco Cabello<\/strong> and the University of <strong>Murcia<\/strong> for the work done throughout this thesis that is the first comparative research with scientific evidence on the validity and use of the pictograms of the     <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arasaac.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Aragonese Center of Augmentative and Alternative Communication <\/strong><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Likewise, we congratulate the author and her tutor for obtaining the<strong> highest grade in the presentation of this thesis.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>***************************************<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>What is published on this page is a <strong>SUMMARY<\/strong> of the thesis. You can access the complete thesis through the<a href=\"http:\/\/www.tdx.cat\/handle\/10803\/454891\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong> Digitum<\/strong><\/a> page of the University of Murcia from this <strong>link:<\/strong> <\/em><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong>Doctoral thesis &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10803\/454891\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Empirical analysis of the formal characteristics of the pictographic symbols of ARASAAC<\/a>&#8220;<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em style=\"font-size: 16px;\">***************************************<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em style=\"font-size: 16px;\">For more information you can also contact the director through the email <a href=\"mailto:fcabello@um.es\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fcabello@um.es<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class='flex_column av-hk1oop-9dab4a25189d12180e5592f7f0c84881 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-11  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_layout_row  avia-builder-el-last  first flex_column_div column-top-margin'     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-f7mujd-6a0354ee7b92698cfd036f8ab601f9f5\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-f7mujd-6a0354ee7b92698cfd036f8ab601f9f5 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:14px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-f7mujd-6a0354ee7b92698cfd036f8ab601f9f5'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>Introduction<\/h3>\n<p>Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) uses different symbol systems to enable communication, which are usually divided into graphics (photographs, pictograms or drawings) and gestures (signs and manual gestures).<\/p>\n<p>Among the first, one of the most used are pictograms, which are defined as non-vocal signs of graphic type in which there is some physical and real relationship with the concept represented. As Carmen Basil points out in the section &#8220;What are augmentative and alternative communication systems?&#8221; of this website, pictograms &#8220;have the advantage of allowing from a very basic level of communication, which adapts to people with low cognitive levels or in very early stages, to a very rich and advanced level of communication&#8221;, so it is not surprising that numerous sets of pictograms have been developed in recent decades, such as those of the SPC system, the Bliss system, those of Picsyms, widgit or those of ARASAAC.<\/p>\n<p>Given this variety, the question arises of what criteria to use to choose between the different options when implementing a set of pictograms for a specific child. And from the point of view of research, the most relevant variable is the so-called &#8220;iconicity&#8221;, which consists of the degree of relationship that an individual makes between a symbol and its referent, and which has been proposed as a continuum. At one end would be transparent symbols, which are those in which the meaning and symbol maintain an obvious relationship, while at the other end would be opaque symbols, which are those in which there is no relationship between the symbol and the referent.<\/p>\n<p>The importance of iconicity arises precisely because it has been proposed that the greater the transparency of a set of pictograms, the easier it will be for users to learn, something widely demonstrated in the scientific literature. It is therefore not surprising that two of the most relevant researchers on AAC, Mirenda and Locke, stated in 1989 that all sets of pictograms should be validated and iconicity data available.<\/p>\n<p>Although the pictographic symbols of ARASAAC are used in a multitude of materials, communication notebooks or computer applications, however we still do not have data referring to their iconicity and degree of transparency. This thesis has wanted to fill this gap of evidence and carry out the systematic analysis of the iconicity and transparency of ARASAAC. More specifically, the objectives that were set were the following:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Establish the degree of iconicity of the ARASAAC symbols in different populations (adults with normal development, children with normal development, and children with developmental disorders).<\/li>\n<li>Analyze the influence that different grammatical categories could have.<\/li>\n<li>Study possible factors that are considered relevant.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ebydft-2c1400727e4edac4fbeb2ec83b313e6b\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-ebydft-2c1400727e4edac4fbeb2ec83b313e6b .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:14px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ebydft-2c1400727e4edac4fbeb2ec83b313e6b'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>Structure and experimental task<\/h3>\n<p>To cover these objectives, a total of seven empirical studies were carried out divided into two blocks, the first of them focused on the iconicity and degree of transparency of the ARASAAC pictographic symbols in three different populations (adults with normal development, children with normal development, and children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder). The second block, on the other hand, analyzes important aspects identified in previous studies such as the influence of the use of color in pictograms or the difficult effects of symbols.<\/p>\n<p>In these studies, a task based on the previous works of Mizuko and Reichle (1989) was used, in which words corresponding to different grammatical categories (nouns, verbs, adjectives and linguistic elements) and also to three sets of different pictograms (ARASAAC, SPC and Bliss) were selected. For each of these words a group of 4 pictograms was presented, each of which contained the pictogram of the target word and three distractors. For example, in the following figure we see the group corresponding to the symbol &#8220;CAMA&#8221;. In this case, bed would be the target symbol, while chair, sofa and shoe would be the distractors.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5975\" src=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"438\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_1.png 930w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_1-300x292.png 300w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_1-768x748.png 768w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_1-36x36.png 36w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_1-705x687.png 705w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_1-450x438.png 450w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The task of the participants was always to click with the mouse of a computer on the pictogram that corresponded to the word that was displayed.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-cgqqyh-a61f7d27e6df167766aeb9a0e2e5e09a\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-cgqqyh-a61f7d27e6df167766aeb9a0e2e5e09a .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:14px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-cgqqyh-a61f7d27e6df167766aeb9a0e2e5e09a'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>Results<\/h3>\n<p>Regarding the results of iconicity, a graph is presented for each of the three populations studied.<\/p>\n<p>The first graph shows the iconicity data for the population of adults with normal development, taking into account that a value of 1 meant that the participant identified the meaning of all the pictograms, a value of 0.5 that identified half of the pictograms, and a value of 0 that did not identify any pictogram.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5979\" src=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_2.png 1658w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_2-300x220.png 300w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_2-768x564.png 768w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_2-1030x757.png 1030w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_2-1500x1102.png 1500w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_2-705x518.png 705w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_2-450x331.png 450w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>As can be seen, the ARASAAC set was the set with the best iconicity for all grammatical categories, obtaining significantly higher indices than SPC and Bliss. For its part, SPC also showed better transparency in all categories than Bliss, which always obtained the worst values.<\/p>\n<p>As for the population of children with normal development, the second figure shows the data of iconicity in a group of 45 children of Infant and Primary.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5980\" src=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_3.png 1638w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_3-300x243.png 300w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_3-768x622.png 768w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_3-1030x834.png 1030w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_3-1500x1214.png 1500w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_3-495x400.png 495w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_3-845x684.png 845w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_3-705x571.png 705w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_3-450x364.png 450w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The results again indicate that the ARASAAC set turned out to be the most transparent for all categories, achieving a significantly greater iconicity than SPC and Bliss. At the same time, SPC also achieved higher transparency values than Bliss, which performed the worst for all categories.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, the third figure corresponds to the population of children with autism spectrum disorder, which is one of the groups where pictographic signs are usually used as facilitating elements of communication.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5981\" src=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_4.png 1300w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_4-300x255.png 300w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_4-768x652.png 768w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_4-1030x875.png 1030w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_4-705x599.png 705w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Tesis_ARASAAC_Figura_4-450x382.png 450w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>As in the other groups, ARASAAC showed the highest index of iconicity in the three categories. However, this time those differences were not significant in nouns or verbs, only in adjectives. Bliss, on the other hand, showed the worst results of transparency.<\/p>\n<p>Other relevant results of the thesis, which are not detailed in this summary, would be related to the importance of grammatical categories, the absence of differences in iconicity due to the use of color or black and white symbols, or the existence of important differences even between symbols of the same grammatical category.<\/p>\n<p>As in the other groups, ARASAAC showed the highest index of iconicity in the three categories. However, this time those differences were not significant in nouns or verbs, only in adjectives. Bliss, on the other hand, showed the worst results of transparency.<\/p>\n<p>Other relevant results of the thesis, which are not detailed in this summary, would be related to the importance of grammatical categories, the absence of differences in iconicity due to the use of color or black and white symbols, or the existence of important differences even between symbols of the same grammatical category.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-aqmt4p-f8ef1b14273e0268351ba0f37b485e37\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-aqmt4p-f8ef1b14273e0268351ba0f37b485e37 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:14px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-aqmt4p-f8ef1b14273e0268351ba0f37b485e37'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>Conclusions<\/h3>\n<p>As mentioned above this thesis yields the first data of iconicity and validation of the pictograms of ARASAAC. With all the usual precautions, these findings are very positive since the pictograms of ARASAAC show a high level of transparency, which also significantly exceeds those obtained for the SPC and Bliss sets in all the populations studied.<\/p>\n<p>These results do not imply that ARASAAC is the best set of pictograms in absolute terms. On the contrary, the selection of one type or another of symbols will always have to adapt to the needs of each person, to their age, and to their motor, cognitive and linguistic skills. What this thesis provides is a sufficiently solid basis that demonstrates that ARASAAC pictograms possess adequate formal characteristics and that their meaning is easy to guess. Therefore, ARASAAC is not only a set of symbols freely and freely available, but they finally have evidence to support their use.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><div id='av-layout-grid-2'  class='av-layout-grid-container av-9wemqx-093a513636e97512d93c54dd4b869e27 entry-content-wrapper main_color av-flex-cells  avia-builder-el-16  el_after_av_one_full  avia-builder-el-last  grid-row-not-first  container_wrap fullsize'  >\n<div class='flex_cell av-7c7g09-a24dd7e535da3168139420ee86041c13 av-gridrow-cell av_one_third no_margin  avia-builder-el-17  el_before_av_cell_one_third  avia-builder-el-first ' ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><\/div><\/div><div class='flex_cell av-5c42d5-136bbf6e43d16fe2001e8ffadf027d7c av-gridrow-cell av_one_third no_margin  avia-builder-el-18  el_after_av_cell_one_third  el_before_av_cell_one_third ' ><div class='flex_cell_inner'>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-467six-88375b250afeaf94ce74f451957e30af\">\n.avia-image-container.av-467six-88375b250afeaf94ce74f451957e30af img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-467six-88375b250afeaf94ce74f451957e30af .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-467six-88375b250afeaf94ce74f451957e30af av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-19  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/en\/scientific-research-carried-out-on-the-pictographic-symbols-of-arasaac\" class='avia_image' ><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-28919 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-28919 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/casa-80x80.png\" alt='' title='house'  height=\"80\" width=\"80\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/casa-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/casa-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/casa-36x36.png 36w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/casa-180x180.png 180w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/casa-120x120.png 120w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/casa-450x450.png 450w, https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/casa.png 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-24mm5l-85f80eb7623c9506b0bdd767b5fa8f16\">\n.flex_cell.av-24mm5l-85f80eb7623c9506b0bdd767b5fa8f16{\nvertical-align:top;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-24mm5l-85f80eb7623c9506b0bdd767b5fa8f16{\npadding:30px 30px 30px 30px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-24mm5l-85f80eb7623c9506b0bdd767b5fa8f16 av-gridrow-cell av_one_third no_margin  avia-builder-el-20  el_after_av_cell_one_third  avia-builder-el-last ' ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-70908","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.0.1 - 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